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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

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Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

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Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
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Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics01:19

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Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning: A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents
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Ketamine as a prophylactic resilience-enhancing agent.

Audrey G Evers1, James W Murrough1,2, Dennis S Charney1,2,3

  • 1Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.

Frontiers in Psychiatry
|August 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ketamine may enhance stress resilience, potentially preventing psychiatric disorders like major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Early human studies suggest prophylactic ketamine use may reduce postpartum depression (PPD) rates.

Keywords:
ketaminepreventionprophylacticresiliencestress

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Stress exposure is a major risk factor for psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
  • Currently, no pharmaceutical interventions exist to enhance stress resilience and prevent these stress-induced conditions.
  • Ketamine is being investigated for its potential pro-resilience effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing evidence on ketamine's pro-resilience effects in animal models.
  • To examine preliminary human data on ketamine as a prophylactic treatment for postpartum depression (PPD).
  • To explore ketamine's potential in understanding the neurobiology of resilience.

Main Methods:

  • Review of animal studies involving ketamine administration prior to stressors (e.g., chronic social defeat, learned helplessness) and assessment of depressive-like behaviors.
  • Analysis of human studies investigating ketamine's prophylactic effect on PPD following cesarean-section.
  • Examination of PTSD-like behaviors following Contextual Fear Conditioning (CFC) in animal models.

Main Results:

  • Animal studies indicate ketamine administered before stressors can protect against depressive-like and PTSD-like behaviors.
  • Preliminary human research shows significantly reduced PPD prevalence in groups receiving ketamine post-cesarean section compared to controls.
  • Ketamine's administration may offer insights into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying stress resilience.

Conclusions:

  • Ketamine shows promise as a potential resilience-enhancing pharmaceutical.
  • Further human trials are warranted to replicate these findings and explore clinical applications.
  • Investigating ketamine's role could advance our understanding of stress resilience and psychiatric disorder prevention.