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Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats
Published on: May 27, 2021
The changing landscape of childhood tic disorders following COVID-19
Olivia Horner1,2,3, Tammy Hedderly1,2,3, Osman Malik1,2,3
1, Fourth year medical student, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. Conflicts of interest: none declared.
Abstract:
The article describes classification, aetiology and features of typical tic disorders (Tourette syndrome) and their management with an additional focus on a surge in atypical tic presentations following the COVID-19 pandemic, often described as functional tics, or functional tic-like movements. We discuss what explains their atypical nature and what might underpin this increase in incidence. Lastly the article provides an overview of management of functional tics, so readers can understand how management of these differs from typical tic disorders.
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