Research progress in breast cancer stem cells: characterization and future perspectives

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Molecular Biology
• Cancer Stem Cell Research

Background:

• Breast tumors contain a subpopulation of cells with self-renewal and differentiation capabilities, known as breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs).
• BCSCs are crucial in tumor initiation, development, migration, and are implicated in metastasis and recurrence.
• BCSC properties are influenced by intracellular factors (signaling pathways, transcription factors, non-coding RNAs) and extracellular factors within the tumor microenvironment.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review the research progress on breast cancer stem cell-related signaling pathways and their inhibitors.
• To explore the role of non-coding RNAs and the tumor microenvironment in regulating BCSCs.
• To provide insights into targeted therapeutic strategies for different molecular subtypes of breast cancer.

Main Methods:

• A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science databases.
• Keywords included 'breast cancer stem cells', 'signal pathway', 'chemotherapy tolerance', 'non-coding RNA', 'triple negative breast cancer', and 'inhibitors'.
• Articles and reviews published before October 3, 2021, were analyzed.

Main Results:

• Breast cancer stem cells are correlated with metastasis and recurrence post-treatment.
• Signaling pathways in BCSCs regulate cancer cell activation, differentiation, and division, leading to uncontrolled growth.
• Targeted therapies blocking specific pathways show promise for breast cancer treatment, with tailored strategies for different molecular subtypes (e.g., ER-positive, HER2-positive, triple-negative breast cancer).

Conclusions:

• Targeting breast cancer stem cell signaling pathways represents a novel therapeutic approach.
• Combination therapies may be necessary for drug-resistant phenotypes and different molecular subtypes.
• Understanding BCSC biology is essential for developing more effective clinical treatments and improving patient outcomes.