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Related Concept Videos

Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Aging01:26

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Author Spotlight: Combining Proximity Ligand Assay with Gamma-H2AX Staining to Characterize Protein Interactions in DNA Damage Response
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Author Spotlight: Combining Proximity Ligand Assay with Gamma-H2AX Staining to Characterize Protein Interactions in DNA Damage Response

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Epigenetics, DNA damage, and aging.

Carolina Soto-Palma1,2, Laura J Niedernhofer1,2, Christopher D Faulk1,3

  • 1Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism.

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|August 15, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging erodes genome integrity, increasing DNA lesions, mutations, and epigenetic changes like DNA methylation and histone modifications. This genomic instability disrupts tissue homeostasis and regeneration.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomic instability and epigenetics in aging research.

Background:

  • Human lifespan is characterized by accumulating genomic and epigenetic alterations.
  • DNA lesions, mutations, and disrupted gene expression increase with age.
  • Epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, unravels over time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review age-related epigenetic changes.
  • To examine the interaction between epigenetic and genomic changes during aging.
  • To understand how these changes disrupt tissue homeostasis and regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes current research on aging, genomics, and epigenetics.
  • Focuses on the interplay between DNA lesions, mutations, and epigenetic alterations.
  • Examines the downstream effects on cell signaling and tissue function.

Main Results:

  • Aging leads to increased DNA lesions, mutations, and epigenetic dysregulation.
  • Reactivation of transposon elements contributes to genomic instability.
  • Cumulative instability promotes cell signaling that impairs tissue homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • Age-related genomic and epigenetic changes are interconnected.
  • These alterations drive cellular dysfunction and disrupt tissue regeneration.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for addressing age-related decline.