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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Na&#239;ve and Effector CD8 T Cells
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Intestinal tissue-resident T cell activation depends on metabolite availability.

Špela Konjar1, Cristina Ferreira1, Filipa Sofia Carvalho1

  • 1Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM) in the gut are metabolically active and their function is controlled by local glucose availability. This metabolic regulation is crucial for immune responses within the intestinal barrier.

Keywords:
IELsT cellsglucosemetabolismtissue-resident memory T cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells provide rapid immune protection at epithelial barriers.
  • Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are abundant TRM cells in the small intestine, exhibiting markers of heightened activation.
  • The metabolic adaptation of IELs to their specific tissue niche is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the metabolic activity and regulation of intestinal TRM cells (IELs).
  • To determine how the tissue environment influences IEL metabolic status and activation.
  • To explore the role of metabolites, particularly glucose, in controlling IEL function.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of metabolic profiles between IELs and circulating CD8+ T cells.
  • Assessment of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in IELs.
  • Investigation of metabolite availability, especially glucose, and its impact on IEL activity.

Main Results:

  • IELs exhibit faster metabolic activation compared to circulating CD8+ T cells, reflecting their semiactive status.
  • IEL glycolysis and OXPHOS are interdependent and rely on environmental metabolite access.
  • IEL activity is significantly influenced by local metabolite availability, with glucose levels being a key determinant.

Conclusions:

  • The intestinal tissue environment dictates IEL metabolic activity and activation status.
  • Metabolic control, particularly via glucose availability, provides a mechanism for regulating intestinal TRM cell function.
  • Understanding IEL metabolism is crucial for managing immune responses within the intestinal epithelial barrier.