Dynamic Catalysis Guided by Nucleic Acid Networks and DNA Nanostructures

Nucleic acid networks conjugated to native enzymes and supramolecular DNA nanostructures modified with enzymes or DNAzymes act as functional reaction modules for guiding dynamic catalytic transformations. These systems are exemplified with the assembly of constitutional dynamic networks (CDNs) composed of nucleic acid-functionalized enzymes, as constituents, undergoing triggered structural reconfiguration, leading to dynamically switched biocatalytic cascades. By coupling two nucleic acid/enzyme networks, the intercommunicated feedback-driven dynamic biocatalytic operation of the system is demonstrated. In addition, the tailoring of a nucleic acid/enzyme reaction network driving a dissipative, transient, biocatalytic cascade is introduced as a model system for out-of-equilibrium dynamically modulated biocatalytic transformation in nature. Also, supramolecular nucleic acid machines or DNA nanostructures, modified with DNAzyme or enzyme constituents, act as functional reaction modules driving temporal dynamic catalysis. The design of dynamic supramolecular machines is exemplified with the introduction of an interlocked two-ring catenane device that is dynamically reversibly switched between two states operating two different DNAzymes, and with the tailoring of a DNA-tweezers device functionalized with enzyme/DNAzyme constituents that guides the dynamic ON/OFF operation of a biocatalytic cascade by opening and closing the molecular device. In addition, DNA origami nanostructures provide functional scaffolds for the programmed positioning of enzymes or DNAzyme for the switchable operation of catalytic transformations. This is introduced by the tailored functionalization of the edges of origami tiles with nucleic acids guiding the switchable formation of DNAzyme catalysts through the dimerization/separation of the tiles. In addition, the programmed deposition of two-enzyme/cofactor constituents on the origami raft allowed the dynamic photochemical activation of the cofactor-mediated biocatalytic cascade on the spatially biocatalytic assembly on the scaffold. Furthermore, photoinduced "mechanical" switchable and reversible unlocking and closing of nanoholes in the origami frameworks allow the "ON" and "OFF" operation of DNAzyme units in the nanoholes, confined environments. The future challenges and potential applications of dynamic nucleic acid/enzyme and DNAzyme conjugates are discussed in the conclusion paragraph.