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Potent enzyme-activated inhibition of aromatase by a 7 alpha-substituted C19 steroid
Abstract:
Enzyme-activated inhibitors of aromatase would result in effective medicinal agents for modulating estrogen-dependent processes and thus may be useful in controlling reproductive processes and in treating estrogen-dependent diseases such as breast and endometrial cancer. A potential enzyme-activated inhibitor of aromatase, 7 alpha-(4'-amino)phenylthio-1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (7 alpha-APTADD), was synthesized and examined in vitro with placental aromatase. Under initial velocity conditions, 7 alpha-APTADD exhibited high affinity for the enzyme and is a potent inhibitor of aromatase with an apparent Ki of 9.9 +/- 1.0 nM and with a Km for androstenedione of 52.5 +/- 5.9 nM. This inhibitor produced a rapid time-dependent, first-order inactivation of aromatase in the presence of NADPH, while no inactivation of aromatase activity was observed in the absence of NADPH. Protection of aromatase from inactivation was observed when the substrate, androstenedione, was included in the incubation mixture containing enzyme, inhibitor, and NADPH. On the other hand, nucleophilic trapping agents such as cysteine did not protect the enzyme from inactivation by 7 alpha-APTADD. Additionally, second enzyme pulse experiments demonstrated identical rates of inactivation, suggesting that the enzyme-activated inhibitor was not being released from the active site of the enzyme. The apparent Kinact for 7 alpha-APTADD is 159 +/- 21 nM and represents the inhibitor concentration required to produce a half-maximal rate of inactivation. The half-time of inactivation at infinite inhibitor concentration was 1.38 +/- 0.92 min and is the most rapid enzyme-activated aromatase inhibitor reported to date. Thus, 7 alpha-APTADD is a potent enzyme-activated inhibitor of aromatase, exhibiting high affinity and rapid inactivation. This inhibitor will be useful in probing the biochemistry of aromatase and should also serve as an effective medicinal agent for the treatment of estrogen-dependent cancers.