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Related Concept Videos

Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

215
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
215
Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate01:20

Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate

385
Aggregates contain pores of varying sizes; while some are completely enclosed within the particles, others open onto the surface, allowing water to penetrate. The porosity of aggregates is a major factor contributing to the overall porosity of concrete, given that aggregates constitute about three-quarters of concrete's volume.
When all pores in an aggregate are filled with water, the aggregate is considered saturated and surface-dry. If left in dry air, water will evaporate until the...
385
Impact01:30

Impact

189
Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
When particles with different initial velocities collide, they induce deformation by applying equal and opposite impulses. At the point of maximum deformation, the particles move together with...
189
Permeability of Concrete01:25

Permeability of Concrete

201
Permeability in the context of concrete refers to how easily liquids or gases can pass through the material. This quality is crucial for assessing the water-tightness and durability of concrete structures and their resistance to chemical attacks. Concrete permeability can be determined through comparative laboratory tests. These tests typically involve sealing a concrete specimen from the sides, applying water pressure to the top surface with pressure, and measuring the amount of water passing...
201
Pore Size Distribution01:23

Pore Size Distribution

205
In concrete, the pore size distribution significantly influences the material's properties. Capillary pores, markedly larger than gel pores, form a vast network within partially hydrated cement paste, reducing the concrete's strength and increasing its permeability. This heightened permeability leads to a greater risk of damage from environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks, with the extent of vulnerability also being tied to the water-to-cement ratio.
Adequate...
205
Types of Impact01:30

Types of Impact

640
Impacts can be classified in various forms, primarily under two subgroups: central impact and oblique impact. A central impact occurs when two objects collide head-on, possessing opposite velocities aligned along the line of impact. Conversely, an oblique impact occurs when two objects collide at an angle, resulting in a modification of both direction and velocity.
The coefficient of restitution is a metric for understanding the dynamics of impacts. It quantifies the ratio of relative velocity...
640

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Widespread impact-generated porosity in early planetary crusts.

Sean E Wiggins1, Brandon C Johnson2,3, Gareth S Collins4

  • 1Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. wigginss@purdue.edu.

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Large impacts on planetary bodies like the Moon create deep crustal porosity. These ancient impacts could have facilitated subsurface fluid circulation, impacting early habitability on Earth and Mars.

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Geophysics
  • Impact Cratering

Background:

  • NASA's GRAIL mission revealed significant deep crustal porosity on the Moon (~4% at 20 km depth).
  • Existing models struggle to explain this deep porosity, typically accounting only for surface or complex crater-related porosity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of large impacts in generating deep crustal porosity on terrestrial planets.
  • To determine if basin-forming impacts can explain the observed porosity in the lunar crust.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized hydrocode simulations to model fracturing and porosity generation from large impacts.
  • Simulated impacts on lunar, Martian, and Earth crustal models.

Main Results:

  • Impacts forming 100-1000 km scale basins are sufficient to generate all observed lunar crustal porosity.
  • Simulations on Mars and Earth indicate basin impacts are a primary source of crustal porosity and fracturing in ancient planetary crusts.

Conclusions:

  • Large-scale impacts are a key mechanism for creating deep crustal porosity on terrestrial planets.
  • Impact-induced porosity likely supported widespread crustal fluid circulation, with implications for early subsurface habitability on Earth and Mars.