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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

573
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
573
Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

7.0K
Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
7.0K
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

2.0K
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
2.0K
Boundary Layer Characteristics01:18

Boundary Layer Characteristics

208
When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...
208
Accelerating Fluids01:17

Accelerating Fluids

1.4K
When a fluid is in constant acceleration, the pressure and buoyant force equations are modified. Suppose a beaker is placed in an elevator accelerating upward with a constant acceleration, a. In the beaker, assume there is a thin cylinder of height h with an infinitesimal cross-sectional area, ΔS.
The motion of the liquid within this infinitesimal cylinder is considered to obtain the pressure difference. Three vertical forces act on this liquid:
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Turbulent Flow01:24

Turbulent Flow

261
Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent...
261

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Recent advancements for tropical cyclone data assimilation.

Hui Christophersen1, Jason Sippel2, Altug Aksoy2,3

  • 1US Naval Research Laboratory, Marine Meteorology Division, Monterey, CA, USA.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|August 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This review overviews data assimilation (DA) techniques for tropical cyclones (TCs), discussing variational, ensemble, hybrid, and particle filter methods. It highlights observations and advancements crucial for improving TC forecasting and analysis.

Keywords:
data assimilationnumerical weather predictiontropical cyclone

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Area of Science:

  • Meteorology
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Data Science

Background:

  • Tropical cyclones (TCs) pose significant threats, necessitating accurate forecasting.
  • Data assimilation (DA) is crucial for improving numerical weather prediction (NWP) models for TCs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of data assimilation techniques used for tropical cyclones.
  • To discuss the strengths and weaknesses of various DA methods.
  • To review recent advancements and challenges in TC data assimilation.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of variational, ensemble, hybrid, and particle filter methods for DA.
  • Description of global NWP models and their DA systems for TC forecasting.
  • Detailed discussion of DA R&D in the NCEP Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting model.

Main Results:

  • Analysis of strengths and weaknesses of different DA methods.
  • Evaluation of the impact of various TC observations (reconnaissance, radar, satellite) on analyses and forecasts.
  • Identification of recent advancements in TC DA.

Conclusions:

  • Effective use of diverse observations is key to improving TC analysis and forecasts.
  • Continued development of advanced DA methods is essential for future TC prediction.
  • The review provides a foundation for understanding current and future TC DA research.