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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects
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Arthropod Bites and Stings.

Joel Herness1, Matthew J Snyder1, Raquelle Suzanne Newman1

  • 1Mike O'Callaghan Military Medical Center, Nellis Air Force Base, NV.

American Family Physician
|August 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Arthropod bites and stings from spiders, scorpions, and Hymenoptera can cause significant health issues, including severe pain, allergic reactions, and disease transmission. Prevention through repellents and protective clothing is key.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Entomology
  • Toxicology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Arthropods, including insects and arachnids, pose significant health risks to humans, primarily as vectors for infectious diseases and through venomous bites and stings.
  • While most arthropod encounters result in minor reactions, certain species can cause severe complications, including systemic toxicity and potentially fatal allergic responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the medical significance of arthropod bites and stings in the United States.
  • To outline the clinical manifestations and management strategies for envenomations by medically relevant spiders, scorpions, and Hymenoptera.
  • To discuss the role of Diptera as disease vectors and emphasize arthropod bite and sting prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of medically significant arthropods in the United States.

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  • Summary of clinical presentations and treatment protocols for envenomations.
  • Overview of disease transmission by Diptera and preventative measures.

    • Main Results:

    • Widow spider (Latrodectus) envenomation causes pain and muscle spasms, treated with analgesics and benzodiazepines; antivenom is rarely used.
    • Recluse spider (Loxosceles) bites are often misdiagnosed, typically require supportive care, and rarely lead to necrosis.
    • Centruroides scorpion stings cause neuromuscular and autonomic dysfunction, managed with supportive care, analgesics, benzodiazepines, and antivenom in severe cases.
    • Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants) stings are the leading cause of arthropod-related fatalities due to severe allergic reactions, managed with systemic glucocorticoids and supportive care.
    • Diptera (flies, mosquitoes) are significant disease vectors, though their direct bites are usually minor.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective management of medically significant arthropod encounters involves prompt recognition, appropriate supportive care, and specific treatments like antivenom when indicated.
    • Prevention strategies, including the use of insect repellents like N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and protective clothing, are crucial for reducing human exposure and disease transmission.
    • Understanding the diverse risks posed by arthropods is essential for public health and clinical practice.