Sensitive seismic sensors based on microwave frequency fiber interferometry in commercially deployed cables

The use of fiber infrastructures for environmental sensing is attracting global interest, as optical fibers emerge as low cost and easily accessible platforms exhibiting a large terrestrial deployment. Moreover, optical fiber networks offer the unique advantage of providing observations of submarine areas, where the sparse existence of permanent seismic instrumentation due to cost and difficulties in deployment limits the availability of high-resolution subsea information on natural hazards in both time and space. The use of optical techniques that leverage pre-existing fiber infrastructure can efficiently provide higher resolution coverage and pave the way for the identification of the detailed structure of the Earth especially on seismogenic submarine faults. The prevailing optical technique for use in earthquake detection and structural analysis is distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) which offers high spatial resolution and sensitivity, however is limited in range (< 100 km). In this work, we present a novel technique which relies on the dissemination of a stable microwave frequency along optical fibers in a closed loop configuration, thereby forming an interferometer that is sensitive to deformation. We call the proposed technique Microwave Frequency Fiber Interferometer (MFFI) and demonstrate its sensitivity to deformation induced by moderate-to-large earthquakes from either local or regional epicenters. MFFI signals are compared to signals recorded by accelerometers of the National Observatory of Athens, Institute of Geodynamics National Seismic Network and by a commercially available DAS interrogator operating in parallel at the same location. Remarkable agreement in dynamical behavior and strain rate estimation is achieved and demonstrated. Thus, MFFI emerges as a novel technique in the field of fiber seismometers offering critical advantages with respect to implementation cost, maximum range and simplicity.