Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan and not the earliest deuterostome

The early history of deuterostomes, the group composed of the chordates, echinoderms and hemichordates¹, is still controversial, not least because of a paucity of stem representatives of these clades^2-5. The early Cambrian microscopic animal Saccorhytus coronarius was interpreted as an early deuterostome on the basis of purported pharyngeal openings, providing evidence for a meiofaunal ancestry⁶ and an explanation for the temporal mismatch between palaeontological and molecular clock timescales of animal evolution^6-8. Here we report new material of S. coronarius, which is reconstructed as a millimetric and ellipsoidal meiobenthic animal with spinose armour and a terminal mouth but no anus. Purported pharyngeal openings in support of the deuterostome hypothesis⁶ are shown to be taphonomic artefacts. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that S. coronarius belongs to total-group Ecdysozoa, expanding the morphological disparity and ecological diversity of early Cambrian ecdysozoans.