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Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
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Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach01:25

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The gastric glands contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) for digestion. The cells secrete HCl because it is highly corrosive and essential for breaking down food. To achieve this, they secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the gastric glands, which combine to form HCl.
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Laxatives are primarily used to alleviate constipation, a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by infrequent bowel movements and difficulty passing stools. They work by various mechanisms to increase the volume or frequency of bowel movements. The primary modes of action of laxatives include increasing stool bulk, softening the stool, stimulating intestinal motility, and osmotically drawing water into the intestines.
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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Assessment of Gut Barrier Integrity in Mice Using Fluorescein-Isothiocyanate-Labeled Dextran
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Intestinal mucosal barrier in functional constipation: Dose it change?

Jun-Ke Wang1, Wei Wei2, Dong-Yan Zhao1

  • 1Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.

World Journal of Clinical Cases
|August 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functional constipation (FC) patients show increased goblet cells in the colon, indicating a compensatory response. The intestinal barrier remains intact with normal gut permeability and mucosal immunity in FC.

Keywords:
Functional constipationGoblet cellsGut permeabilityIntercellular junctionsIntestinal mucosal barrierMucosal immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The intestinal mucosal barrier is crucial for gut homeostasis and defense.
  • Alterations in this barrier are implicated in various intestinal diseases.
  • Its role in functional constipation (FC) remains under-investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively evaluate the intestinal mucosal barrier in patients with functional constipation.
  • Assessing mucus barrier, intercellular junctions, mucosal immunity, and gut permeability.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 40 FC patients and 24 healthy controls.
  • Analyzed colonic mucus, goblet cells, intercellular junction proteins (occludin, ZO-1), immune cells (CD3+ IELs, lamina propria lymphocytes), and serum markers (D-lactic acid, zonulin).

Main Results:

  • FC patients had significantly increased goblet cells and darker mucus staining.
  • Intercellular junctions, occludin, and ZO-1 expression/mRNA levels were unaltered.
  • No significant differences in CD3+ IELs, lamina propria lymphocytes, D-lactic acid, or zonulin levels were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Functional constipation is characterized by a compensatory increase in goblet cells.
  • The intestinal mucosal barrier integrity, including intercellular junctions, is maintained in FC.
  • Mucosal immunity and gut permeability do not appear to be significantly altered in FC patients.