Unique Surface Fluorescence Induced from the Core-Shell Structure of Gallium-Based Liquid Metals Prepared by Thermal...

Liquid metals (LMs) have emerged as promising functional materials that combine the properties of both liquid and metal. These characteristics enabled them to find applications in many fields. However, the LMs usually can only display a silver-white physical appearance, which limits their further applications in the fields with the imposition of stringent requirements for color and aesthetics. Herein, we report that the surface of LMs was transformed directly from metal to fluorescent semiconductor layer by an example of eutectic GaInSn (eGaInSn) induced by thermal oxidation. Specifically, a core-shell structure is formed from the fluorescent layer and the LMs. The shell endows the LMs with fluorescence without affecting their interior fluidity and conductivity. In particular, the formation process as well as the degree of crystallization, phase transformation, and light emission of the fluorescent oxide shell on the surface of LMs is regulated by the component content. A thorough analysis of surface morphology, composition, structure, and properties of the fluorescent shell suggests that the Ga₂O₃ layer is formed on the surface of gallium-based LMs after their immersion in deionized water. Subsequently, thermal oxidation results in the formation of the β-Ga₂O₃ shell on the surface of liquid metals. Importantly, abundant oxygen vacancies (V_O) in β-Ga₂O₃ as the donors and the gallium vacancies (V_Ga), gallium-oxygen vacancy pairs (V_O-V_Ga), defect energy levels, and intrinsic defects as the acceptors enabled the light emission. The fluorescent LMs have promising potential for flexible lighting and displays, anticounterfeiting measures, sensing, and chameleon robots.