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Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

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Meningococcal B Vaccine to Prevent <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> Infection.

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False-positive <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> results on the Abbott Alinity m STI assay caused by <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>: two cases from Australia.

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Quantitative Examination of Antibiotic Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Aggregates Using ATP-utilization Commercial Assays and Live/Dead Staining
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Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme Annual Report, 2021.

Monica M Lahra1,2, Tiffany R Hogan1, Benjamin H Armstrong2,3

  • 1Neisseria Reference Laboratory and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for STI and AMR, Sydney. NSW Health Pathology, Microbiology, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.

Communicable Diseases Intelligence (2018)
|August 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae remains a concern in Australia. While ceftriaxone resistance is low, azithromycin resistance is increasing, alongside high rates of penicillin and ciprofloxacin resistance nationally.

Keywords:
Neisseria gonorrhoeaeantimicrobial resistancedisease surveillancegonococcal infection

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Microbiology
  • Public Health Surveillance
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • The Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme has monitored antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae for over 40 years.
  • Gonorrhoea treatment guidelines recommend dual therapy with ceftriaxone and azithromycin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report on the antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Australia for 2021.
  • To inform ongoing treatment strategies and surveillance efforts for gonorrhoea.

Main Methods:

  • Standardised in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 6,254 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates.
  • Data collected from public and private sectors across all Australian jurisdictions.

Main Results:

  • Nationally, 0.9% of isolates showed decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone, with one isolate resistant.
  • Azithromycin resistance was reported in 4.7% of isolates, an increase from 2020.
  • Penicillin resistance was 38% and ciprofloxacin resistance was 53% nationally, with significant jurisdictional variations.

Conclusions:

  • Continued monitoring of antimicrobial resistance is crucial for Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
  • Emerging resistance patterns necessitate ongoing evaluation of current gonorrhoea treatment recommendations.
  • Jurisdictional variations in resistance highlight the need for tailored public health interventions.