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Function matters: Coronavirus cross-binding antibodies do not cross-neutralize.

Maria R Farcet1, Julia Schwaiger1, Michael Karbiener1

  • 1Global Pathogen Safety, Takeda Manufacturing Austria AG, Vienna, Austria.

Frontiers in Medicine
|August 19, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immunoglobulin (IG) potency against SARS-CoV-2 increased significantly during the pandemic. However, these SARS-CoV-2 antibodies do not neutralize seasonal coronaviruses, indicating a lack of cross-neutralization despite potential cross-reactivity.

Keywords:
COVID-19coronaviruses (CoVs)hyperimmune globulinimmune deficiencyimmunoglobulinintravenous immunoglobulinneutralizing antibodiesplasma

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Immunoglobulin (IG) supply neutralization capacity for SARS-CoV-2 has shifted from undetectable to highly potent during the pandemic.
  • Plasma collected before the pandemic yielded IG with no detectable SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.
  • IG from post-pandemic collections shows significant SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing potency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies enhance IG potency against seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs).
  • To determine the cross-neutralization capacity of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against common HCoVs.
  • To assess changes in IG neutralizing antibody content over the course of the pandemic.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of US plasma-derived IG lots collected pre- and during the pandemic.
  • Live virus neutralization assays were performed for SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal HCoVs (NL63, OC43).
  • Quantification of neutralizing antibody titers against specific coronaviruses.

Main Results:

  • Pre-pandemic IG lacked SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing titers.
  • Post-COVID-19 IG exhibited robust anti-SARS-CoV-2 potency (mean 1,267 IU/ml), increasing to 5,122 IU/ml in pandemic IG lots.
  • Neutralizing antibody potencies against HCoVs NL63 and OC43 remained stable and did not increase.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 antibodies do not cross-neutralize seasonal coronaviruses NL63 and OC43.
  • Cross-coronavirus reactivity does not equate to cross-neutralization.
  • The study highlights the specificity of neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2.