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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
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Peripheral Artery Disease V: Postoperative Nursing Management01:23

Peripheral Artery Disease V: Postoperative Nursing Management

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During the postoperative period, it is crucial to focus on maintaining circulation, identifying and managing potential complications, and planning for discharge.Nursing AssessmentVital signs monitoring: Regularly monitor vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, to detect early signs of complications such as bleeding and infection.Circulation assessment: Monitor pulses, perform Doppler assessments, and check capillary refill, color, temperature, and...
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Flail Chest-II01:26

Flail Chest-II

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Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 31, 2025

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

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Discussions About Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injuries.

Grey Giddins1

  • 1The Hand to Elbow Clinic, Bath, United Kingdom; Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.

Hand Clinics
|August 19, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obstetric brachial plexus injuries (OBPI) are common but poorly understood. This review clarifies OBPI causes, grading, surgical timing, and treatment for shoulder tightness, elbow contracture, and adult surgery needs.

Keywords:
ElbowGradingHandMechanism of injuryNonsurgical treatmentObstetric brachial plexus injuriesShoulderSurgery

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Surface Electromyographic Biofeedback as a Rehabilitation Tool for Patients with Global Brachial Plexus Injury Receiving Bionic Reconstruction
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Structured Motor Rehabilitation After Selective Nerve Transfers
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Structured Motor Rehabilitation After Selective Nerve Transfers
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Pediatric Surgery

Background:

  • Obstetric brachial plexus injuries (OBPI) have been recognized for over a century, yet significant misunderstandings persist regarding their etiology and management.
  • Current understanding of OBPI pathogenesis and optimal treatment strategies remains incomplete, impacting patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify key areas of misunderstanding in obstetric brachial plexus injuries (OBPI).
  • To discuss the etiology of OBPI, the utility of the Narakas grading system, and the indications for primary nerve surgery.
  • To address the management of secondary complications like shoulder tightness and elbow contracture, and the need for adult reconstructive surgery.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a review and discussion of existing knowledge and clinical considerations regarding OBPI.
  • It synthesizes information on the cause of OBPI, diagnostic grading systems, surgical timing, and treatment of associated morbidities.
  • The review also considers the long-term implications and surgical needs of OBPI patients into adulthood.

Main Results:

  • The cause of OBPI is multifactorial and relevant to surgical decision-making.
  • The Narakas grading system provides a framework but requires nuanced interpretation.
  • Primary nerve surgery is indicated in select cases, particularly incomplete OBPI, while secondary procedures address joint tightness and contractures.

Conclusions:

  • Clarifying the etiology and applying appropriate grading systems are crucial for effective OBPI management.
  • Timely surgical intervention, addressing both primary nerve injury and secondary joint issues, optimizes functional recovery.
  • A comprehensive, lifelong approach to OBPI management, including potential adult reconstructive surgery, is essential for improving patient outcomes.