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Related Concept Videos

Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Preplaced Aggregate Concrete01:29

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Preplaced aggregate concrete is ideal for construction environments that are not easily accessible. The process begins by properly wetting the gap-graded coarse aggregates to remove the dirt, then placing it in the form and compacting it. Voids are filled with a mortar mix pumped under pressure through slotted pipes. This mortar typically consists of Portland cement, pozzolan, fine aggregates, water, and a fluidizing aid. The pozzolan helps reduce bleeding and segregation while improving the...
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Ferro-cement is a distinctive construction material that represents an innovative variant of reinforced concrete, characterized by its unique composition and the method by which it is formed. Unlike standard reinforced concrete, which relies on larger steel bars for reinforcement, ferro-cement utilizes densely packed layers of mesh or fine rods, fully encased in cement mortar. This composition allows for the creation of structures that are significantly thinner and more flexible than their...
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The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
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Deleterious substances in aggregates can be detrimental to the quality and durability of concrete. These substances include organic impurities like loam, which interfere with cement hydration and are usually present in the sand. These prevent a good bond between aggregate and cement paste. Organic impurities can be detected using the colorimetric test, where the darkness of a solution after agitation indicates the level of organic content.
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During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...
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Struvite-based composites for slow-release fertilization: a case study in sand.

Stella F Valle1,2, Amanda S Giroto2, Vitalij Dombinov3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luiz Highway, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.

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Struvite (St) slow-release fertilizers, made with thermoplastic starch (TPS), offer controlled phosphorus release for sustainable crop nutrition. These St-TPS granules demonstrate effective agronomic efficiency in maize cultivation while minimizing phosphorus runoff.

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Area of Science:

  • Sustainable Phosphorus Recovery
  • Fertilizer Technology
  • Waste Valorization

Background:

  • Struvite (St) recovered from wastewater is a sustainable phosphorus source for fertilization.
  • Struvite's low water solubility and pH-dependent release limit its field application.
  • Optimizing struvite application methods, like granulation, is crucial for controlled nutrient release.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and evaluate struvite slow-release fertilizers using a biodegradable thermoplastic starch (TPS) matrix.
  • To investigate the phosphorus release kinetics of St-TPS composites.
  • To assess the agronomic performance of St-TPS fertilizers in maize cultivation.

Main Methods:

  • Struvite particles were dispersed in thermoplastic starch (TPS) at varying concentrations (25, 50, 75 wt%).
  • Phosphorus release was measured in citric acid solution (pH 2) and in neutral pH sand.
  • Maize growth parameters (plant height, leaf area, biomass) and available phosphorus were compared to triple superphosphate (TSP).

Main Results:

  • TPS matrix demonstrated a steadier phosphorus release from struvite in acidic conditions compared to pure struvite.
  • Phosphorus diffusion from St-TPS fertilizers in neutral sand was slower than from TSP.
  • St-TPS fertilizers supported comparable maize growth and available phosphorus levels as TSP in sand after 42 days.

Conclusions:

  • Struvite-TPS slow-release fertilizers effectively provide phosphorus for maize in sandy soils.
  • These fertilizers achieve desirable agronomic efficiency while reducing phosphorus runoff losses.
  • Struvite-TPS composites represent a promising approach for sustainable phosphorus management in agriculture.