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Infective endocarditis by HACEK: a review

Mansoor Khaledi1,2, Fatemeh Sameni1, Hamed Afkhami1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.

Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery
|August 19, 2022
PubMed

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe disease that is still associated with high mortality despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. HACEK organisms (Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae) are gram-negative bacteria that are part of the normal flora of the mouth and upper respiratory tract in humans. These organisms cause a wide range of infections, of which IE is one of the most notable. In order to control and prevent endocarditis caused by HACEK, measures such as oral hygiene and the use of prophylactic drugs should be used for people at risk, including people with underlying heart disease and people with artificial valves. This review is a summary of the main aspects of IE focusing on HACEK organisms.

Keywords:
Congenital heart diseaseEchocardiographyEndocarditisHACEK

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