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The EICA is dead? Long live the EICA!

Ragan M Callaway1, Jacob E Lucero1,2, José L Hierro3,4

  • 1Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA.

Ecology Letters
|August 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Exotic plants in new ranges show increased competitive ability and reduced defenses, supporting the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) theory. This trade-off is linked to physical traits like leaf mass, not just complex chemistry.

Keywords:
competitionevolutionevolution of increased competitive abilityexoticgeneralistherbivoryinvasionmeta-analysisshifting defence hypothesisspecialist

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • The evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis suggests exotic plants gain competitive advantages in new ranges due to reduced natural enemy pressure.
  • EICA predicts a trade-off: increased competitiveness in non-native ranges comes at the cost of reduced investment in defense mechanisms compared to native populations.
  • Previous studies faced complexity in detecting this trade-off due to variations in trait measurement, competition assessment, and defense quantification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reevaluate traditional metrics for testing EICA theory using meta-analysis.
  • To expand EICA testing by partitioning competitive effect and tolerance measures.
  • To investigate Leaf-Specific Mass as a key response trait in the EICA trade-off.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a meta-analysis of existing studies on plant competition and defense.
  • Partitioned competitive ability into 'effect' and 'tolerance' components.
  • Analyzed Leaf-Specific Mass, tannins, and toughness as defense indicators.

Main Results:

  • Meta-analyses provided evidence consistent with the classic EICA trade-off.
  • Plants in non-native ranges exhibited greater competitive effects and lower quantitative defense than native counterparts.
  • Leaf-Specific Mass, tannins, and toughness were key indicators of defense, rather than complex leaf chemistry.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support the EICA hypothesis, indicating a biogeographical trade-off between plant competitiveness and defense.
  • Physical traits, particularly Leaf-Specific Mass, are crucial for understanding EICA-related trade-offs.
  • Underestimation of physical leaf structure may have hindered previous EICA research.