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Updated: Aug 31, 2025
A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Published on: November 21, 2013
Formic acid induces hypertension-related hemorrhage in hSSAOTG in mice and human
Ya-Lan Di1, Yan Yu2, Sheng-Jie Zhao2
1Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, School of Mental Health, Oujiang Laboratory, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
Hypertension is a confirmed risk factor for cerebral hemorrhage in humans. Which endogenous factor directly induces hypertension-related hemorrhage is unclear. In this study, 42 hemorrhagic patients with hypertension and hyperlipidemia and 42 age-matched healthy controls were enrolled. The contents of serum semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) and formic acid (FC, FC is a final product of SSAO through the oxidation of endogenous formaldehyde, which results from the enzymatic oxidative deamination of the SSAO substrate, methylamine) were examined in the patients after stroke. Hemorrhagic areas were quantified by computer tomography. In the animal study, hemorrhagic degree was assessed by hemotoxylin & eosin or tissue hemoglobin kits. The relationship between FC and blood pressure/hemorrhagic degree was examined in wild-type mice and hSSAOTG mice fed with high-fat diets or high-fat and -salt diets. The results showed that the levels of serum FC were positively correlated with blood pressure and hemorrhagic areas in hemorrhagic patients. Transfection of microRNA-134 could enhance SSAO expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Consistently, after treatment with high-fat and -salt diets, hSSAOTG mice exhibited higher levels of miR134 and FC, higher blood pressure, and more severe hemorrhage than wild-type mice. Interestingly, folic acid reduced hypertension and hemorrhage in hSSAOTG mice fed with high-fat diets. These findings suggest that FC is a crucial endogenous factor for hypertension and hemorrhage.
Hypertension is a confirmed risk factor for cerebral hemorrhage in humans. Which endogenous factor directly induces hypertension-related hemorrhage is unclear. In this study, 42 hemorrhagic patients with hypertension and hyperlipidemia and 42 age-matched healthy controls were enrolled. The contents of serum semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) and formic acid (FC, FC is a final product of SSAO through the oxidation of endogenous formaldehyde, which results from the enzymatic oxidative deamination of the SSAO substrate, methylamine) were examined in the patients after stroke. Hemorrhagic areas were quantified by computer tomography. In the animal study, hemorrhagic degree was assessed by hemotoxylin & eosin or tissue hemoglobin kits. The relationship between FC and blood pressure/hemorrhagic degree was examined in wild-type mice and hSSAOTG mice fed with high-fat diets or high-fat and -salt diets. The results showed that the levels of serum FC were positively correlated with blood pressure and hemorrhagic areas in hemorrhagic patients. Transfection of microRNA-134 could enhance SSAO expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Consistently, after treatment with high-fat and -salt diets, hSSAOTG mice exhibited higher levels of miR134 and FC, higher blood pressure, and more severe hemorrhage than wild-type mice. Interestingly, folic acid reduced hypertension and hemorrhage in hSSAOTG mice fed with high-fat diets. These findings suggest that FC is a crucial endogenous factor for hypertension and hemorrhage.
