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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Simultaneous Quantification of Anti-vector and Anti-transgene-Specific CD8+ T Cells Via MHC I Tetramer Staining After Vaccination with a Viral Vector
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Post-vaccination T cell immunity to omicron.

Henning Jacobsen1, Viviana Cobos Jiménez2,3, Ioannis Sitaras4

  • 1Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.

Frontiers in Immunology
|August 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 vaccines maintain T cell protection against the omicron variant. Boosters and hybrid immunity further enhance T cell responses, suggesting continued vaccine effectiveness against severe disease.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2T cellomicronvaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • The emergence of SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant necessitated evaluating COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness.
  • Assessing vaccine efficacy against Omicron through clinical studies presents challenges, with limited data for all vaccines and populations.
  • T cell immunity offers a potentially more robust predictor of vaccine longevity and disease protection than antibody neutralization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize current evidence on T cell immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant.
  • To analyze the impact of boosters, vaccination regimens, and hybrid immunity on T cell responses.
  • To evaluate T cell memory responses and vaccine product-specific immunity concerning Omicron.

Main Methods:

  • This mini-review synthesizes existing research and data on T cell responses post-vaccination or infection.
  • Evidence regarding T cell reactivity, neutralization, and protective immunity against Omicron was compiled.
  • Studies examining homologous vs. heterologous boosting and hybrid immunity were included.

Main Results:

  • T cell reactivity in individuals vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 remains largely preserved against the Omicron variant.
  • Booster doses, particularly heterologous regimens, show potential for enhancing T cell responses.
  • Hybrid immunity, resulting from infection and vaccination, demonstrates robust T cell memory responses.

Conclusions:

  • Current COVID-19 vaccines, based on the parental antigen, continue to provide significant T cell-mediated protection against Omicron-induced disease.
  • T cell immunity is a critical correlate of protection, indicating sustained vaccine benefits.
  • Further research into T cell dynamics is essential for long-term vaccine strategy development.