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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

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Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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A 5-mC Dot Blot Assay Quantifying the DNA Methylation Level of Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation In Vitro
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Changes in Small Noncoding RNA Expression during Chondrocyte Senescence.

Fei Xiao1, Chenglong Wang1, Jianping Peng1

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

Cartilage
|August 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) change during chondrocyte senescence, a key factor in osteoarthritis. Specific sncRNAs like miR-132-5p, piRNA piR_025576, snoRNA ENSMUSG00000087935, and snRNA ENSMUSG00000064682 show potential for osteoarthritis therapeutics.

Keywords:
RasiRNAschondrocyte senescencemiRNApiRNAsmall nuclear RNAssmall nucleolar RNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) involves progressive articular cartilage deterioration.
  • Chondrocyte senescence can disrupt extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis.
  • Small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) are key epigenetic regulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate changes and roles of sncRNAs in chondrocyte senescence.
  • To identify specific sncRNAs involved in OA pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Replicative aging model of mouse postnatal chondrocytes.
  • Small RNA sequencing (small RNA-seq) for comprehensive sncRNA profiling.
  • Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) for tissue-specific validation.
  • β-galactosidase staining to assess chondrocyte senescence.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in sncRNA expression profiles between passage 0 and passage 5 chondrocytes.
  • Upregulation and downregulation of various microRNAs (miRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) during senescence.
  • miR-132-5p inhibition prevented chondrocyte senescence.
  • Overexpression of piRNA piR_025576, snoRNA ENSMUSG00000087935, and snRNA ENSMUSG00000064682 delayed chondrocyte senescence.

Conclusions:

  • sncRNA expression profiles are altered during chondrocyte senescence.
  • Specific sncRNAs play crucial roles in regulating chondrocyte senescence.
  • These sncRNAs represent potential therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis.