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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 31, 2025

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
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Diabetic Nephropathy: Pathogenesis to Cure.

Kriti Kushwaha1, Uma Kabra2, Rupal Dubey1,3

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India.

Current Drug Targets
|August 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a major cause of kidney failure, involves increased urinary albumin excretion. Understanding its mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatments is crucial, though a permanent cure remains elusive.

Keywords:
Diabetic nephropathymacroalbuminuriamicroalbuminuriapathogenesisrenal damageurinary albumin excretion

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetology

Background:

  • Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a primary cause of end-stage renal disorder (ESRD).
  • It is characterized by increased urinary albumin excretion (UAE) in the absence of other renal diseases.
  • DN manifests as microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the underlying mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy.
  • To review current diagnostic methods for DN.
  • To discuss available and emerging therapeutic strategies for DN.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on diabetic nephropathy.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to DN, including hyperglycemia, hypertension, and oxidative stress.
  • Examination of molecular pathways involved in DN pathogenesis, such as PKC, AGEs, and ROS.

Main Results:

  • Hyperglycemia drives renal damage via PKC activation, AGEs, and ROS production.
  • Elevated levels of growth factors, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and inflammatory cytokines are observed in renal tissues.
  • Despite research advancements, no definitive cure for DN currently exists.

Conclusions:

  • Diabetic nephropathy is a complex condition with multifactorial causes and significant impact on renal health.
  • Continued research is vital for developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
  • A comprehensive understanding of DN mechanisms is essential for improving patient outcomes and managing kidney disease progression.