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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT

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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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Connective Tissue Cell Types01:22

Connective Tissue Cell Types

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Connective tissue develops from the mesoderm of a developing embryo and consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance: a gel-like material containing large complexes of carbohydrates and proteins. Connective tissue was first identified as a separate tissue family in the 18th century, and Johannes Peter Muller coined the term connective tissue.
Fat cells (adipocytes), smooth muscle cells (myoblasts), and bone cells (osteoblasts) are some connective tissue cell types. Some immune system cells...
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Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

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The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin...
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Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

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Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 31, 2025

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
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Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

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Calcinosis in systemic sclerosis.

Srijana Davuluri1, Christian Lood2, Lorinda Chung3

  • 1Stanford School of Medicine, Division of Immunology & Rheumatology, Palo Alto, California.

Current Opinion in Rheumatology
|August 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcinosis cutis, a condition affecting up to 40% of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients, involves calcium deposition in tissues. Research explores its prevalence, causes, and treatments, with surgery being most effective currently.

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A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Dermatology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Calcinosis cutis involves insoluble calcium deposition in skin and subcutaneous tissues, impacting up to 40% of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients.
  • Associated factors include long disease duration, vascular dysfunction, and osteoporosis.
  • Dysregulated phosphate metabolism, involving inorganic pyrophosphate and FGF-23, is implicated in pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide updated information on calcinosis cutis in systemic sclerosis (SSc).
  • To review prevalence, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
  • To highlight ethnic and geographical variations in calcinosis prevalence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of observational studies, biochemical analyses, and in-vivo models.
  • Analysis of clinical and serological associations.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic methods like plain radiography.

Main Results:

  • Prevalence varies geographically and ethnically.
  • Potential pathogenetic factors include inflammation, mechanical stress, hypoxia, and altered bone/phosphate metabolism.
  • Long-term proton pump inhibitor use may increase risk.

Conclusions:

  • Calcinosis cutis causes significant morbidity in SSc patients.
  • Surgical intervention is the most effective treatment when feasible.
  • No medical therapies have demonstrated proven efficacy in large randomized controlled trials.