Evaluation and Treatment of Central Sleep Apnea in Patients with Heart Failure

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a common comorbidity in patients with heart failure (HF). Prevalence of the most common subtypes of SDB, central sleep apnea (CSA) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is increasing, which is concerning due to the association of SDB with increased mortality in patients with HF. Despite an increasing burden of CSA in HF, it is difficult to detect using current diagnostic tools and the treatment modalities are limited by variable efficacy and patient adherence. Though positive airway pressure therapies remain the cornerstone of OSA treatment, the management of CSA in the setting of HF continues to evolve. The association of the presence of CSA with worse prognosis in HF patients warrants the need for routine screening for signs and symptoms of CSA in this population. In this review, we examine the connection between CSA and HF, and highlight advancements in timely diagnostics, treatment modalities, and strategies to promote facilitation of compliance in this high-risk cohort.