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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

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Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
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Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 31, 2025

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition
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Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition

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Radiation and the nervous system.

Michael Kosmin1,2, Jeremy Rees3,4

  • 1Clinical Oncology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.

Practical Neurology
|August 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiation therapy effectively treats brain tumors but can cause neurotoxicity. This review details radiation physics, clinical applications, and the spectrum of early and delayed neurological complications.

Keywords:
cerebrovascular diseaseclinical neurologycognitiondementiaradiotherapy

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Quantifying Cognitive Decrements Caused by Cranial Radiotherapy
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Radiation therapy is a cornerstone treatment for brain tumors, offering significant efficacy.
  • Despite its benefits, radiation-induced neurological damage (neurotoxicity) presents a spectrum of short- and long-term complications.
  • Understanding these toxicities is crucial for managing patients undergoing radiotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the fundamental principles of radiation physics and its clinical applications in neuro-oncology.
  • To detail the mechanisms underlying radiation-induced neurotoxicity.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations of radiation toxicity affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of radiation physics principles relevant to clinical practice.
  • Explanation of radiotherapy planning and delivery techniques.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on the pathophysiology of radiation neurotoxicity.
  • Clinical review of early and delayed complications in the brain, spinal cord, cranial, and peripheral nerves.

Main Results:

  • Radiation neurotoxicity results from early inflammation and oligodendroglial damage, progressing to necrosis, white matter injury, vascular disease, and secondary tumors.
  • Complications manifest differently in the short-term (early) and long-term (delayed) following treatment.
  • Specific clinical features distinguish early-onset effects from delayed-onset neurological deficits.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of radiation neurotoxicity requires a thorough understanding of its underlying mechanisms and clinical presentation.
  • Distinguishing between early and delayed complications is essential for accurate diagnosis and patient care.
  • This review serves as a comprehensive resource for clinicians managing patients treated with radiation for brain and nervous system conditions.