Unveiling Trail Making Test: visual and manual trajectories indexing multiple executive processes

Area of Science:

• Neuropsychology
• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Human Computer Interaction

Background:

• The Trail Making Test (TMT) is widely used for assessing executive functions (EFs) but has limitations in specificity and detailed analysis.
• Traditional TMT lacks detailed quantification and suffers from high variability due to single-trial administration and fixed spatial configurations.

Purpose of the Study:

• To develop and evaluate a computerised version of the TMT (cTMT) to overcome the limitations of the traditional pen-and-paper format.
• To investigate if the cTMT can provide more detailed insights into EFs, including working memory and inhibitory control, using eye and hand movement data.

Main Methods:

• A computerised TMT (cTMT) was developed, incorporating high-resolution tracking of eye and hand positions over multiple trials.
• Spatial configuration was controlled, and performance was evaluated in a group of neurotypical adults.
• Data from eye and hand movements were analyzed to derive new measures of cognitive function.

Main Results:

• The cTMT demonstrated a performance profile similar to the traditional TMT.
• Distinct differences in eye movements were observed between TMT-A and TMT-B.
• Novel measures derived from hand and eye movements showed associations with validated working memory tasks and indicated potential markers for inhibitory control.

Conclusions:

• The computerised TMT (cTMT) offers a more detailed and specific assessment of executive functions compared to the traditional version.
• Integrating digital technology with traditional neuropsychological tests enhances the study of cognitive processes.
• The cTMT shows promise for use in older adults and patients with executive function disorders.