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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Updated: Aug 31, 2025

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology
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Special Issue "Hox Genes in Development: New Paradigms".

Samir Merabet1

  • 1IGFL, ENS-Lyon, CNRS, University Lyon I, 32/34 Av. Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.

Journal of Developmental Biology
|August 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This Special Issue explores Hox genes in development, highlighting new paradigms in their complex biology. Discover the latest research on these crucial developmental regulators.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Hox genes are master regulators of animal body plan formation.
  • Understanding Hox gene function is critical for deciphering developmental processes.

Discussion:

  • This issue compiles cutting-edge research on Hox gene evolution and function.
  • New paradigms are emerging in the study of Hox gene regulatory networks.

Key Insights:

  • Recent findings reveal novel roles and mechanisms of Hox gene action.
  • Interdisciplinary approaches are advancing the field of Hox biology.

Outlook:

  • Future research directions include integrating systems biology approaches.
  • Exploring Hox gene involvement in disease and regeneration is a growing area.

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