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Related Concept Videos

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 31, 2025

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice
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Distinct transcriptome architectures underlying lupus establishment and exacerbation.

Masahiro Nakano1, Mineto Ota2, Yusuke Takeshima3

  • 1Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.

Cell
|August 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals distinct gene expression patterns in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) immune cells, differentiating disease states and activity. These findings offer new insights into SLE pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
Immune Cell Gene Expression Atlas from the University of Tokyocell-type-specificdisease activitydisease stateimmune cellimmunogeneticsorgan involvementsystemic lupus erythematosustherapeutic responsetranscriptome

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genomics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by multi-systemic inflammation.
  • Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying SLE pathogenesis is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • Gene expression patterns vary significantly across different immune cell types in SLE patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the pathogenesis of SLE by analyzing gene expression patterns at a high cellular resolution.
  • To identify cell-type-specific transcriptomic signatures associated with SLE disease states and activity.
  • To explore the clinical relevance of these signatures and their relationship with genetic risk factors.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a large-scale transcriptome analysis using 6,386 RNA sequencing datasets.
  • Covered 27 distinct immune cell types from 136 SLE patients and 89 healthy donors.
  • Profiled disease-state and disease-activity signatures and analyzed their enrichment with SLE risk variants.

Main Results:

  • Identified two distinct cell-type-specific transcriptomic signatures: disease-state and disease-activity.
  • Disease-activity signatures correlated with organ involvement and therapeutic responses in SLE.
  • Disease-state signatures showed higher enrichment around SLE risk variants compared to disease-activity signatures.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive gene signatures for SLE were identified, providing foundational data for future research.
  • Disease-activity signatures hold clinical value for assessing SLE progression and treatment efficacy.
  • Current genetic studies may not fully capture the clinically relevant biology of SLE.