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Auditory Pathway

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...

Hearing

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

Auditory Perception

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...

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Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

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Offset Responses in the Auditory Cortex Show Unique History Dependence.

Timothy Olsen^1,2, Andrea R Hasenstaub^3,2

¹Coleman Memorial Laboratory.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience

|August 23, 2022

Summary

Auditory cortex neurons show distinct history-dependent responses to sound onset and offset. Offset responses are less depressive and more facilitatory than onset responses, with unique dynamics across cell types.

Keywords:

auditory cortex history dependence interneuron offset plasticity temporal

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Auditory Neuroscience
Sensory Processing

Background:

Sensory neuron responses are influenced by recent stimulus history, crucial for adaptation and efficient coding.
Auditory cortex (AC) neurons exhibit well-characterized history dependence for sound-evoked onset responses.
The history dependence of sound termination (offset) responses in the AC remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the history dependence of auditory offset responses.
To compare the dynamics of onset and offset responses in the AC.
To examine how these dynamics are distributed across different auditory neuron types.

Main Methods:

Recorded single-unit activity in the primary auditory cortex of awake mice.
Presented repeating noise burst stimuli to evoke onset and offset responses.
Used optotagging to identify parvalbumin and somatostatin interneurons.
Classified units as narrow-spiking or broad-spiking.

Main Results:

Offset responses were generally less depressive than onset responses across various stimulus parameters.
A cell's onset response characteristic (facilitatory or depressive) did not predict its offset response characteristic.
Cell types showed differences in onset response dynamics and the prevalence of offset responses, but not in offset response dynamics.
Clustering of spiking responses revealed associations with cell types, with some cell type-specific dynamics observed even within clusters.

Conclusions:

Onset and offset responses in the auditory cortex are differentially modulated by recent sound history.
Offset responses exhibit unique dynamics, being more facilitatory and less dependent on cell type compared to onset responses.
These distinct properties suggest specialized functional roles for encoding sound cessation in the auditory system.