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Related Concept Videos

Inducible Operons: lac Operon01:25

Inducible Operons: lac Operon

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The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA...
114
Operons02:09

Operons

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Prokaryotes can control gene expression through operons—DNA sequences consisting of regulatory elements and clustered, functionally related protein-coding genes. Operons use a single promoter sequence to initiate transcription of a gene cluster (i.e., a group of structural genes) into a single mRNA molecule. The terminator sequence ends transcription. An operator sequence, located between the promoter and structural genes, prohibits the operon’s transcriptional activity if bound by...
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Cell Signaling Feedback Loops01:07

Cell Signaling Feedback Loops

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Positive and negative feedback loops are crucial for regulating biological signaling systems. These feedback loops are processes that connect output signals to their inputs.
Negative feedback loops
Most signaling systems have negative feedback loops that can perform different functions such as output limiter, and adaptation.
Output limiter
Upon receiving an input signal, the cellular response rapidly increases until a threshold is reached. Beyond this threshold, a negative feedback loop...
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Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
9.0K
Muscle Recovery and Fatigue01:24

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

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Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective...
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Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 31, 2025

Mapping Metabolism: Monitoring Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Directly in Tissue
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Mapping Metabolism: Monitoring Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Directly in Tissue

Published on: June 21, 2018

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Understanding lactate sensing and signalling.

Michelangelo Certo1, Alba Llibre1, Wheeseong Lee2

  • 1Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM
|August 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lactate, once a metabolic waste product, is now recognized as a crucial signaling molecule. Recent discoveries reveal its roles in sensing and signaling pathways relevant to diseases like cancer and inflammation.

Keywords:
G protein-coupled receptoraciditylactylationmetabolic reprogramming

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Last Updated: Aug 31, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Metabolites are increasingly recognized as vital signaling molecules.
  • Lactate was historically viewed as a metabolic byproduct with no biological function.
  • Recent research has uncovered significant roles for lactate in various physiological and pathological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review newly discovered mechanisms of lactate sensing and signaling.
  • To highlight the evolving understanding of lactate's biological functions.
  • To explore therapeutic opportunities arising from lactate signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific publications.
  • Analysis of studies investigating lactate's molecular interactions.
  • Synthesis of findings on lactate's role in disease pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Lactate acts as a signaling molecule, enzyme cofactor, and post-translational modifier.
  • Specific sensing and signaling pathways for lactate have been identified.
  • Lactate is implicated in diverse diseases including cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis.

Conclusions:

  • Lactate possesses significant biological functions beyond metabolism.
  • Understanding lactate signaling pathways opens new therapeutic avenues for various diseases.
  • The role of lactate in health and disease is a rapidly advancing field.