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Updated: Aug 31, 2025

Whole-Body Nanoparticle Aerosol Inhalation Exposures
Published on: May 7, 2013
Intersectional inequalities in industrial air toxics exposure in the United States
Camila H Alvarez1, Anna Calasanti2, Clare Rosenfeld Evans3
1Department of Sociology, University of California-Merced, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA, 95343, USA.
Abstract:
Environmental justice and health research demonstrate unequal exposure to environmental hazards at the neighborhood-level. We use an innovative method-eco-intersectional multilevel (EIM) modeling-to assess intersectional inequalities in industrial air toxics exposure across US census tracts in 2014. Results reveal stark inequalities in exposure across analytic strata, with a 45-fold difference in average exposure between most and least exposed. Low SES, multiply marginalized (high % Black, high % female-headed households) urban communities experienced highest risk. These inequalities were not described by additive effects alone, necessitating the use of interaction terms. We advance a critical intersectional approach to evaluating environmental injustices.
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