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Anatomy and Sonographic Examination for Lateral Epicondylitis: EURO-MUSCULUS/USPRM Approach
Vincenzo Ricci1, Giulio Cocco, Kamal Mezian
1From the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy (VR); Unit of Ultrasound in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy (GC); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (KM); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Community and Geriatric Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei City, Taiwan (K-VC); Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (ON); UZR, Ultraschallzentrum und Institut für Rheumatologie, Basel, Switzerland (GT); Rheumatology Clinic, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (GT); and Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey (MK, LÖ).
Objective:
The aim of the study is to define a standardized comprehensive sonographic approach for evaluating the different histoanatomical compartments of the lateral elbow.
Design:
Using high-frequency ultrasound probes, we tried to match the anatomical features of the lateral elbow and its different sonographic patterns in patients with the diagnosis of lateral epicondylitis. Moreover, high-sensitive color/power Doppler assessments have also been performed to evaluate the microcirculation.
Results:
Modern ultrasound equipment seems to provide an extremely detailed sonographic assessment of the different anatomical layers located in the lateral compartment of the elbow. Moreover, high-sensitive color/power Doppler imaging allows for clear visualization of the perfusion patterns in pathological conditions.
Conclusions:
In clinical practice, high-frequency B-mode and high-sensitive color/power Doppler imaging can be integrated with the clinical findings to better define the pain generator(s) for optimizing the management of patients with lateral epicondylitis.
