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Related Concept Videos

Inductive Reasoning00:59

Inductive Reasoning

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Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in degrees to which the conclusions are credible. As such, inductive arguments can be weak or strong, rather than valid or invalid, and conclusions can be used to formulate testable, falsifiable hypotheses.
Inductive reasoning is common in descriptive science. A life scientist makes observations and records them. This data can be qualitative or...
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Deductive Reasoning01:16

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Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning, which means that it uses a general principle or law to predict specific results. From those general principles, a scientist can deduce and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid.
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Reasoning01:30

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Reasoning is the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way. It is integral to problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking. Reasoning can be inductive or deductive. Reasoning involves transforming information into conclusions, which is essential for problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking.
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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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Bias01:22

Bias

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
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Who is sensitive to selection biases in inductive reasoning?

Brett K Hayes1, Shi Xian Liew1, Saoirse Connor Desai1

  • 1School of Psychology, University of New South Wales.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|August 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People adjust their generalizations based on how samples are selected, a bias known as sampling frames. Working memory capacity influences individual sensitivity to these biases in property induction.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Decision Science
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Inferences rely on evidence, which can be skewed by selection biases.
  • Sampling frames, causal constraints on data selection, are a key type of bias.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sensitivity to sampling frames in property induction.
  • To explore individual differences in bias detection and their correlates.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments involving property induction tasks.
  • Participants' generalizations were analyzed under different sampling conditions (property vs. category sampling).
  • Working memory capacity was measured to correlate with sensitivity.

Main Results:

  • Group data revealed sensitivity to sampling frames, with narrower generalizations under property sampling.
  • Bayesian models incorporating selective sampling predicted group patterns.
  • Significant individual variation in sensitivity was observed, with some individuals showing little bias awareness.

Conclusions:

  • People can adjust inductive reasoning based on sampling mechanisms, but individual differences exist.
  • Working memory capacity is a predictor of sensitivity to sampling frames.
  • Findings inform debates on inferential reasoning and the development of formal inductive models.