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Updated: Aug 31, 2025

Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Neurons as a Target for Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Recordings
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Sex-specific association between urinary kisspeptin and pubertal development.

Rafaella Sales de Freitas1, Thiago F A França1, Sabine Pompeia1

  • 11Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

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Summary

Urinary kisspeptin levels show significant sex differences during puberty. In males, urine kisspeptin correlates with sexual maturation, unlike in females, offering a new non-invasive measure.

Keywords:
adolescencekisspeptinmetastinpubertysex differencesurine

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Kisspeptins are vital for pubertal development, but peripheral measurement challenges hinder research.
  • Non-invasive, reliable peripheral kisspeptin assays are needed to study pubertal maturation.
  • Existing methods for assessing kisspeptin levels are often invasive or complex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between urinary kisspeptin concentrations and pubertal development markers in adolescents.
  • To explore potential sex differences in peripheral kisspeptin levels during sexual maturation.
  • To validate midstream urine samples as a non-invasive method for measuring kisspeptin.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of midstream urine samples for kisspeptin concentrations in 209 participants (9-15 years old).
  • Correlation of urinary kisspeptin levels with age, self-reported pubertal status, and salivary testosterone/DHEA-S.
  • Comparison of kisspeptin concentrations between males and females across different pubertal stages.

Main Results:

  • Significant sex differences in urinary kisspeptin concentrations emerged after age 12.
  • In males, kisspeptin levels positively correlated with developmental markers (age, testosterone, DHEA-S).
  • Female kisspeptin concentrations remained stable and showed no significant correlation with maturation markers.

Conclusions:

  • Urinary kisspeptin measurement is a viable non-invasive method for assessing peripheral kisspeptin.
  • Distinct patterns of urinary kisspeptin changes during puberty exist between males and females.
  • These findings support the use of urine samples to study kisspeptin's role in pubertal development and sexual maturation.