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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Updated: Aug 31, 2025

Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells
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Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells

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Thymic mimetic cells: tolerogenic masqueraders.

Daniel A Michelson1, Diane Mathis1

  • 1Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Trends in Immunology
|August 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) establish immune tolerance by expressing tissue antigens. Recent research highlights thymic mimetic cells, distinct from Aire, as crucial players in preventing autoimmunity.

Keywords:
AireT cell toleranceThymusautoimmunitytranscription factor

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) are vital for T cell tolerance.
  • mTECs ectopically express peripheral-tissue antigens (PTAs) to eliminate autoreactive T cells.
  • The transcription factor Aire is the primary focus for PTA expression research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight recent work on thymic mimetic cells.
  • To review the molecular basis and function of mimetic cells in T cell tolerance.
  • To propose the role of mimetic cells in autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying mimetic cell function.
  • Histological and cellular observations of thymic stromal cells.

Main Results:

  • Thymic mimetic cells, historically observed but less studied, are gaining attention.
  • These cells contribute to establishing T cell tolerance.
  • Emerging evidence suggests their involvement in autoimmune diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Thymic mimetic cells represent an important, under-explored area in immunology.
  • Understanding mimetic cells may offer new insights into preventing and treating autoimmunity.
  • Future research should focus on the molecular pathways and clinical relevance of thymic mimetic cells.