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Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

Mitochondria

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria. In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 31, 2025

Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy

Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy

Published on: July 9, 2016

Special Issue "Mitochondria and Brain Disease".

Susana Cardoso^1,2,3

¹Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.

|August 26, 2022

Summary

This special issue explores the critical role of mitochondria in brain diseases. Discover the latest research on mitochondrial dysfunction and its impact on neurological disorders.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cell Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Mitochondria are vital organelles responsible for cellular energy production.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly implicated in various neurodegenerative conditions.
This special issue focuses on the intersection of mitochondrial health and brain disease.

Discussion:

Exploring the complex mechanisms linking mitochondrial dysfunction to neuronal damage.
Highlighting novel therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial pathways for brain disorders.
Discussing the diagnostic potential of mitochondrial biomarkers in neurological diseases.

Key Insights:

Mitochondrial dynamics and quality control are crucial for neuronal survival.
Specific genetic mutations affecting mitochondrial function are linked to inherited brain diseases.
Metabolic alterations in mitochondria contribute to the pathogenesis of acquired neurological conditions.

Outlook:

Future research directions in mitochondrial medicine for brain health.
Potential for mitochondria-targeted therapies in treating Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and other brain disorders.
Advancements in understanding the mitochondrial-nuclear communication in the brain.