Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria-A Review

Area of Science:

• Microbiology
• Public Health
• Veterinary Medicine

Background:

• Multi-drug resistance (MDR) in bacteria causes hundreds of thousands of deaths annually.
• Increased MDR necessitates legislative actions, such as EU Regulation 2019/6, limiting antibiotic use.
• Bacteria employ phenotypic and genetic strategies to develop resistance, impacting human and animal health.

Purpose of the Study:

• To present the resistance mechanisms of common foodborne pathogens found in humans and animals.
• To highlight the global significance of MDR in selected pathogens.
• To provide statistical data on drug resistance prevalence and detection of resistance genes.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on bacterial resistance mechanisms.
• Analysis of statistical data on drug resistance occurrence worldwide.
• Presentation of original research findings on specific foodborne pathogens.

Main Results:

• Detailed presentation of phenotypic and genetic resistance mechanisms in foodborne pathogens.
• Statistical data illustrating the global range of drug resistance in bacteria like *E. coli*, *Campylobacter*, and *Enterococcus*.
• Inclusion of novel research data on *Campylobacter* spp., *E. coli*, and *Enterococcus* spp. resistance.

Conclusions:

• The study underscores the critical threat of MDR in foodborne pathogens.
• Findings emphasize the need for research into antimicrobial alternatives and resistance prevention strategies.
• This review aims to stimulate further investigation into combating bacterial drug resistance.