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Upconversion Nanostructures Applied in Theranostic Systems.

Chao Lu1, Etienne Joulin1, Howyn Tang2

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|August 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Upconversion (UC) nanostructures offer advanced theranostic capabilities by converting near-infrared light to visible/UV light. Both lanthanide-doped and organic molecular-based UC nanostructures show promise for diagnosis and therapy.

Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Upconversion (UC) nanostructures convert low-energy near-infrared (NIR) light to higher-energy visible or UV light.
  • These nanostructures are being explored for theranostic applications, combining diagnosis and therapy.
  • Two main types exist: lanthanide (Ln)-doped UC nanostructures and organic molecular-based UC nanostructures utilizing triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major UC mechanisms in different nanostructures.
  • To discuss the design and fabrication of Ln-doped and TTA UC nanostructures for theranostics.
  • To summarize current progress and future insights in UC nanostructures for theranostics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on UC mechanisms.
Keywords:
NIR-triggered drug deliverybiosensingdrug carrierslanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticlesmetal-organic frameworkstheranostic systemtriplet-triplet annihilation upconversionupconversion nanomaterials

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  • Discussion of design and fabrication strategies for UC nanostructures.
  • Summary and analysis of applications in bioimaging, chemotherapy, phototherapy, and drug delivery.
  • Main Results:

    • Ln-doped UC nanostructures can be functionalized for targeted therapies.
    • TTA UC nanostructures offer high quantum yields and low excitation power requirements.
    • UC nanostructures are effective in tumor-targeted bioimaging, chemotherapy, image-guided diagnosis, phototherapy, and controlled drug release.

    Conclusions:

    • UC nanostructures hold significant potential for advanced theranostic applications.
    • Continued development of emerging UC nanostructures will further enhance their theranostic capabilities.
    • The review provides a comprehensive overview of UC nanostructures for diagnosis and therapy.