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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:28

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Multiglandular Parathyroid Disease.

Grzegorz Kowalski1, Grzegorz Buła1, Adam Bednarczyk1

  • 1Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Multiglandular parathyroid disease (MGD) presents a higher risk of surgical failure in primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) compared to solitary disease. Accurate preoperative diagnosis and gland localization are crucial for successful parathyroidectomy (PTX).

Keywords:
multiglandular parathyroid diseaseparathyroidectomysporadic primary hyperparathyroidism

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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Last Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrine Surgery
  • Surgical Pathology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Multiglandular parathyroid disease (MGD) is an uncommon cause of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT), affecting 8-33% of patients.
  • This study reviews clinical characteristics, management, and surgical outcomes of MGD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the clinical features and surgical treatment outcomes of MGD.
  • To compare MGD outcomes with solitary parathyroid disease.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of 163 MGD patients undergoing parathyroidectomy (PTX) between 1983-2018.
  • Comparison with 856 patients with solitary parathyroid disease operated during the same period.
  • Diagnosis based on PTH, ionized calcium, and sestamibi technetium-99m scintigraphy (MIBI).

Main Results:

  • MGD patients were predominantly women over 50.
  • 79% had two lesions, 16% had three, and 5% had four.
  • Parathyroidectomy (PTX) for MGD showed a higher failure rate than for solitary disease.

Conclusions:

  • MGD is associated with increased operative failure risk compared to solitary disease.
  • Preoperative diagnosis and localization are critical for successful PTX.
  • Support for removing only macroscopically enlarged glands in MGD patients.