Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Privatized Health Care System in Times of Crisis: South Korea's Health Care System Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.

International journal of social determinants of health and health services·2026

Same author

Sensor Technologies for Measuring Tongue Biomechanics Relevant to Swallowing: A Narrative Review.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Electrochemical Strain-Release Difunctionalization of Azabicyclo-[1.1.0]butanes with Nitroarenes.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Same author

RESCUE: recovery of unattributed expression patterns in spatial transcriptomics.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Regiodivergent C3 and C4 Amination of Quinolines via Radical and Ionic Pathways.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026

Same author

Additive predictive value of preoperative thyroid ultrasound parameters for postoperative hypothyroidism after hemithyroidectomy: a single-center retrospective study.

Ultrasonography (Seoul, Korea)·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Application of a Coupling Agent to Improve the Dielectric Properties of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites

Application of a Coupling Agent to Improve the Dielectric Properties of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites

Published on: September 19, 2020

Recent Progress in Development and Applications of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite.

Si Won Park¹, Sang Jun Kim², Seong Hyun Park²

¹Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.

|August 26, 2022

Summary

Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) are electroactive polymers that offer low-voltage actuation for diverse applications. This review covers IPMC categorization, principles, materials, manufacturing, and uses.

Keywords:

IPMC IPMC actuator IPMC sensor electroactive polymer

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Exploring Self-Assembled MOF-Polymer Composites

Author Spotlight: Exploring Self-Assembled MOF-Polymer Composites

Published on: June 14, 2024

Localized Bathless Metal-Composite Plating via Electrostamping

Localized Bathless Metal-Composite Plating via Electrostamping

Published on: September 22, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Application of a Coupling Agent to Improve the Dielectric Properties of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites

Application of a Coupling Agent to Improve the Dielectric Properties of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites

Published on: September 19, 2020

Author Spotlight: Exploring Self-Assembled MOF-Polymer Composites

Author Spotlight: Exploring Self-Assembled MOF-Polymer Composites

Published on: June 14, 2024

Localized Bathless Metal-Composite Plating via Electrostamping

Localized Bathless Metal-Composite Plating via Electrostamping

Published on: September 22, 2020

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Polymer Science
Electrical Engineering

Background:

Electroactive polymers (EAPs) respond to electrical stimuli, categorized into electronic and ionic types based on energy transfer.
Ionic EAPs function via ion movement, leading to voltage changes within the polymer membrane.
Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) are a key subclass, featuring a polymer membrane with a metal electrode.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive review of ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs).
To detail the categorization, underlying principles, material selection, and manufacturing techniques of IPMCs.
To explore the diverse applications of IPMCs across various technological fields.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on IPMC materials, fabrication, and applications.
Categorization of IPMCs based on their electrical energy transfer mechanisms.
Analysis of common materials (e.g., Nafion, platinum, gold) and manufacturing processes (e.g., solution casting, electroless plating).

Main Results:

IPMCs, often using Nafion membranes and noble metal electrodes, exhibit advantageous properties like low voltage operation and large displacement.
Various membrane preparation (solution casting, hot pressing, 3D printing) and electrode plating methods (electroless, electroplating, sputtering) are available.
IPMCs are successfully demonstrated in applications including grippers, micro-pumps, sensors, and energy harvesters.

Conclusions:

IPMCs represent a versatile class of electroactive polymers with significant potential.
The choice of materials and manufacturing methods influences IPMC performance and application suitability.
Continued research into IPMCs promises further advancements in robotics, sensing, and energy harvesting.