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When analyzing a single line-to-ground fault from phase A to ground at a three-phase bus, it is important to consider the fault impedance. This impedance is zero for a bolted fault, equal to the arc impedance for an arcing fault, and represents the total fault impedance for a transmission-line insulator flashover. To derive sequence and phase currents, fault conditions are translated from the phase domain to the sequence domain.
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Distribution reliability in electrical power systems is critical for ensuring an uninterrupted power supply to consumers at minimal cost. According to IEEE Standard Terms, reliability is the probability that a device will function without failure over a specified time period or amount of usage. For electric power distribution, this translates to maintaining continuous power supply and addressing customer concerns over power outages. Several indices, as defined by IEEE Standard 1366-2012, are...
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Fault Tolerance Structures in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs): Survey, Classification, and Future Directions.

Ghaihab Hassan Adday1,2, Shamala K Subramaniam1, Zuriati Ahmad Zukarnain1

  • 1Department of Communication Technology and Network, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This survey enhances fault tolerance in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) by introducing a new classification system. It analyzes existing methods and proposes improvements for reliable IoT systems.

Keywords:
Fault Tolerance (FT)Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)error detectionerror diagnosiserror recovery

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Network Engineering

Background:

  • Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) integrates technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).
  • WSNs are crucial for real-time applications demanding high fault tolerance (FT) for reliability and integrity.
  • Existing FT mechanisms require enhancement to meet the demands of evolving IoT systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an elaborate classification and analysis of fault tolerance structures in WSNs.
  • To enhance existing reviews of FT systems by proposing a new categorization based on novel metrics.
  • To analyze existing FT techniques based on eight constraints and identify open issues.

Main Methods:

  • Conducting an extensive survey and analysis of fault tolerance structures and their components in WSNs.
  • Categorizing errors from multiple perspectives.
  • Presenting an extensive analysis of existing fault tolerance techniques based on eight constraints.
  • Developing an enhanced categorization for FT systems using metrics such as sensor node count and algorithm placement.

Main Results:

  • A comprehensive classification and analysis of WSN fault tolerance structures and error types.
  • An extensive review of existing FT techniques against eight constraints.
  • A proposed enhanced categorization for FT systems, offering a novel comparison taxonomy.
  • Identification of open issues and future research directions in WSN fault tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • Fault tolerance is a critical requirement for WSNs in IR 4.0 applications.
  • Existing FT mechanisms need substantial enhancements for improved network reliability and integrity.
  • The proposed enhanced categorization and analysis provide a foundation for future research in WSN fault tolerance.