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Related Concept Videos

Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
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Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Navigating MARRVEL, a Web-Based Tool that Integrates Human Genomics and Model Organism Genetics Information
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DupScan: predicting and visualizing vertebrate genome duplication database.

Jianguo Lu1,2,3, Peilin Huang1, Jialiang Sun4

  • 1School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.

Nucleic Acids Research
|August 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Whole genome duplication (WGD) drives vertebrate evolution and species diversity. The DupScan database aids in analyzing WGD patterns and synteny across 106 vertebrate genomes, revealing evolutionary insights.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Duplicated genes, often arising from whole genome duplication (WGD), are crucial for vertebrate evolution, enabling new gene acquisition and increased genomic complexity.
  • WGD events are significant drivers of vertebrate species diversity, particularly in fish with complex duplication histories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and present the DupScan database, a comprehensive platform for analyzing synteny and WGD patterns in vertebrates.
  • To facilitate functional adaptation studies and elucidate genome evolutionary patterns using synteny matching.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated 106 chromosomal-level vertebrate genomes into the DupScan database.
  • Developed tools for analyzing and visualizing synteny at gene and genome scales, including Ka, Ks, and 4DTV values.
  • Enabled prediction of synteny and WGD patterns across multiple WGD rounds (e.g., VGD2, Ars3R, Ts3R, Ss4R, Cs4R).

Main Results:

  • The DupScan database provides a one-stop analysis platform for synteny and WGD research.
  • Enabled the investigation of functional adaptation related to intricate WGD events.
  • Facilitated the elucidation of genome evolutionary patterns across over 60,000 vertebrate species.

Conclusions:

  • DupScan is a valuable resource for researchers studying genome evolution and WGD events in vertebrates.
  • The platform supports detailed analysis and prediction of synteny and WGD patterns, advancing our understanding of vertebrate diversification.