Daytime napping and cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: A systematic review

Associations between night sleep duration and cardiovascular risk factors in adults have been well documented. However, the associations for daytime napping remain unclear. In this review, six databases were searched for eligible publications to April 8, 2022. A total of 11 articles were identified for umbrella review on the association of daytime napping with diabetes, metabolic syndrome (MetS), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and mortality in adults, 97 for systematic review on the association with CVD and several CVD risk factors. Our umbrella review showed that the associations of daytime napping with diabetes, MetS, CVD, and mortality in most meta-analyses were mainly supported by weak or suggestive evidence. Our systematic review showed that long daytime napping (≥1 h/d) was associated with higher odds of several CVD risk factors, CVD, and mortality, but no significant association was found between short daytime napping and most of the abovementioned outcomes. Our dose-response meta-analyses showed that daytime napping <30 min/d was not significantly associated with higher odds of most CVD risk factors and CVD among young and middle-aged adults. However, among older adults aged >60 years, we observed significant dose-response associations of daytime napping with higher odds of diabetes, dyslipidemia, MetS, and mortality starting from 0 min/d.