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Human monkeypox (MPX) is a viral zoonosis. Recent global outbreaks show sustained human-to-human transmission, necessitating a review of MPX clinical presentation, epidemiology, viral evolution, vaccines, and therapeutics.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Human monkeypox (MPX), a viral zoonosis caused by the Monkeypox virus, historically occurred in African rainforests with limited transmission.
  • Recent years have seen sustained outbreaks in Africa and a significant international epidemic since May 2022, characterized by multi-continental, human-to-human spread, primarily among men who have sex with men.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of human monkeypox.
  • To cover clinical presentation, epidemiology, viral evolution, and available vaccines and therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical presentation.
  • Epidemiological data analysis.
  • Review of viral evolution, vaccines, and therapeutics.

Main Results:

  • Outbreaks were historically confined to Africa.
  • A global epidemic emerged in 2022 with sustained human-to-human transmission.
  • The review covers key aspects of MPX management and understanding.

Conclusions:

  • Human monkeypox presents a growing global health concern.
  • Understanding MPX epidemiology, evolution, and transmission is crucial.
  • Reviewing vaccines and therapeutics is vital for effective control strategies.