Functional brain activity is highly associated with cortical myelination in neonates

Functional organization of the human cerebral cortex is highly constrained by underlying brain structures, but how functional activity is associated with different brain structures during development is not clear, especially at the neonatal stage. Since long-range functional connectivity is far from mature in the dynamically developing neonatal brain, it is of great scientific significance to investigate the relationship between different structural and functional features at the local level. To this end, for the first time, correlation and regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between cortical morphology, cortical myelination, age, and local brain functional activity, as well as functional connectivity strength using high-resolution structural and resting-state functional MRI data of 177 neonates (29-44 postmenopausal weeks, 98 male and 79 female) from both static and dynamic perspectives. We found that cortical myelination was most strongly associated with local brain functional activity across the cerebral cortex than other cortical structural features while controlling the age effect. These findings suggest the crucial role of cortical myelination in local brain functional development at birth, providing valuable insights into the fundamental biological basis of functional activity at this early developmental stage.