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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:

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Updated: Aug 30, 2025

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

Published on: August 14, 2019

Influenza.

Timothy M Uyeki¹, David S Hui², Maria Zambon³

¹Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Lancet (London, England)

|August 28, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Seasonal influenza epidemics pose a global health threat. This review covers recent updates on influenza epidemiology, diagnostics, vaccines, and treatment, emphasizing clinical management and research priorities.

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Last Updated: Aug 30, 2025

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

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Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

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Area of Science:

* Virology and Epidemiology
* Infectious Diseases
* Public Health

Background:

* Annual epidemics of influenza A and B viruses cause significant global disease burden.
* Influenza circulation decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic but resurged in 2021-22.
* While most cases are mild, severe complications and pandemic threats from novel strains persist.

Purpose of the Study:

* To provide clinicians with updated information on key influenza issues.
* To highlight current challenges and future research directions in influenza management.

Main Methods:

* Review of recent literature and clinical data on influenza.
* Discussion of diagnostic advancements, including multiplex assays for influenza and SARS-CoV-2.
* Analysis of prevention strategies, antiviral treatments, and non-pharmaceutical interventions.

Main Results:

* Influenza virus circulation patterns have shifted post-SARS-CoV-2 emergence.
* New diagnostic tools offer improved detection capabilities.
* Vaccine development and infection control remain critical.

Conclusions:

* Clinicians need updated knowledge on influenza epidemiology, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
* Addressing gaps in clinical management and prioritizing research are essential for combating influenza.
* Ongoing vigilance against zoonotic influenza strains is necessary to mitigate pandemic risks.