Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

214
Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
214
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

1.5K
Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
1.5K
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

899
Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
899
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:22

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

1.4K
COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...
1.4K
Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation01:25

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

1.2K
Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
1.2K
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management01:22

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management

74
Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned...
74

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Sex Differences in the Sleep Architecture and Sleep-Disordered Breathing in C57BL/6 J Mice.

Sleep·2026
Same author

Reply to the letter to the editor: beta-blockers: vasodilator agents (nebivolol orcarvedilol) may add further on patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung·2026
Same author

Oxytocin attenuates respiratory depression and reduces mortality from fentanyl and the combination of xylazine-fentanyl in rats.

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie·2026
Same author

Melanocortin receptor 4 agonist setmelanotide treats opioid-induced respiratory depression.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Melanocortin 4 receptor signalling in sleep-disordered breathing.

The Journal of physiology·2026
Same author

Epigenetic Silencing of Carotid Body TRPM7 Attenuates Hypertension in Obese Mice.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

19.9K

Obstructive sleep apnea.

Luu V Pham1, Jonathan Jun1, Vsevolod Y Polotsky1

  • 1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|August 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) causes airway collapse due to muscle tone loss, leading to serious health issues. This review covers OSA mechanisms, neurocognitive/cardiometabolic effects, and emerging treatments.

Keywords:
ComplicationsPathogenesisPharmacologic therapyStarling resistor

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Traditional Chinese Medicine for Sleep Disorders in Acute COPD — A Safe, Cost-Effective Approach
04:53

Author Spotlight: Traditional Chinese Medicine for Sleep Disorders in Acute COPD — A Safe, Cost-Effective Approach

Published on: October 18, 2024

880
Author Spotlight: Utilizing Traditional Chinese Acupuncture of the Ear to Improve Sleep Disorders
05:34

Author Spotlight: Utilizing Traditional Chinese Acupuncture of the Ear to Improve Sleep Disorders

Published on: August 18, 2023

2.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

19.9K
Author Spotlight: Traditional Chinese Medicine for Sleep Disorders in Acute COPD — A Safe, Cost-Effective Approach
04:53

Author Spotlight: Traditional Chinese Medicine for Sleep Disorders in Acute COPD — A Safe, Cost-Effective Approach

Published on: October 18, 2024

880
Author Spotlight: Utilizing Traditional Chinese Acupuncture of the Ear to Improve Sleep Disorders
05:34

Author Spotlight: Utilizing Traditional Chinese Acupuncture of the Ear to Improve Sleep Disorders

Published on: August 18, 2023

2.4K

Area of Science:

  • Sleep Medicine
  • Neuroscience
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent disorder characterized by upper airway collapse during sleep, stemming from reduced muscle tone in susceptible individuals.
  • OSA leads to recurrent hypoventilation, hypoxia, and sleep arousals, contributing to significant health problems like daytime sleepiness, cognitive impairment, and cardiovascular disease.
  • Rising obesity rates exacerbate the public health burden of OSA and its associated complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the underlying mechanisms of OSA development.
  • To explore the neurocognitive and cardiometabolic comorbidities associated with OSA.
  • To discuss current and emerging therapeutic strategies for OSA, including pharmacotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on OSA pathophysiology, focusing on neural control mechanisms.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the link between OSA and neurocognitive/cardiometabolic dysfunction.
  • Examination of clinical trials and research on OSA treatment options.

Main Results:

  • OSA results from impaired neural control of pharyngeal muscles, particularly hypoglossal motoneuron activity, during sleep.
  • Associated comorbidities include significant neurocognitive deficits and cardiometabolic disturbances.
  • Pharmacotherapeutic advancements offer new avenues for OSA management.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the neural control of the upper airway is crucial for OSA pathogenesis.
  • OSA poses a substantial risk for serious neurocognitive and cardiovascular complications.
  • Integrated therapeutic approaches, including novel pharmacotherapies, are essential for managing OSA effectively.