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The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements01:27

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Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally occurring, and only a few of them are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy to Measure Intracellular Zinc Pools in Mammalian Cells
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Circulating trace elements status in COVID-19 disease: A meta-analysis.

Yunhui Li1, Weihe Luo2, Bin Liang3

  • 1Clinical Laboratory, PLA North Military Command Region General Hospital, Shenyang, China.

Frontiers in Nutrition
|August 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 patients show lower levels of essential trace elements like zinc, iron, and selenium. These deficiencies correlate with disease severity and poorer survival, suggesting potential benefits from trace element supplementation.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2meta-analysisprognosisserumtrace element

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Trace elements (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg, Se) are vital micronutrients with known roles in immune function.
  • While their importance in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suggested, comprehensive data on circulating levels and their clinical correlation is lacking.
  • This study addresses the need for a thorough evaluation of trace element status in COVID-19 patients.

Approach:

  • A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate circulating levels of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), and selenium (Se) in COVID-19 patients.
  • Searched multiple databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, CNKI, WangFang) from November 2019 to April 2022, including 49 studies (42 in meta-analysis).
  • Assessed associations between trace element levels and COVID-19 severity and survival outcomes.

Key Points:

  • COVID-19 patients exhibited significantly lower circulating levels of Zn, Fe, and Se compared to healthy controls.
  • Lower levels of Zn, Fe, and Se were associated with increased COVID-19 disease severity.
  • Significantly lower Fe levels were observed in non-survivors compared to survivors, indicating a link to mortality.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 is characterized by deficiencies in circulating zinc, iron, and selenium.
  • These trace element depletions are linked to disease severity and reduced survival rates.
  • Trace element supplementation may offer a potential adjunctive therapeutic strategy in early-stage COVID-19 management.